55+ DIY Room Decor Ideas to Decorate Your Home Create a space as unique as you with these 55+ DIY room decor ideas. We gathered ideas for every craft level and room for you to try.
DIY your photo charms, 100% compatible with Pandora bracelets. Make your gifts special. DIY Desk Calendar
Crafts - Room decoration diy
[pinterest_gallery id="2287"] These DIY room decor ideas will bring life into the room you're renting! After all, DIYers still need to find a way to get their craft on, right?
55+ DIY Room Decor Ideas to Decorate Your Home Create a space as unique as you with these 55+ DIY room decor ideas. We gathered ideas for every craft level and room for you to try.
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living room - Room decoration diy
[pinterest_gallery id="2287"] These DIY room decor ideas will bring life into the room you're renting! After all, DIYers still need to find a way to get their craft on, right?
55+ DIY Room Decor Ideas to Decorate Your Home Create a space as unique as you with these 55+ DIY room decor ideas. We gathered ideas for every craft level and room for you to try.
I wish...Wisconsin is too cold- you would need this to be heated!
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[pinterest_gallery id="2287"] These DIY room decor ideas will bring life into the room you're renting! After all, DIYers still need to find a way to get their craft on, right?
L’économie de la Californie, estimée à 3 000 milliards de dollars, est plus importante que celle de tout autre État.[13] Si c’était un pays, la Californie serait la 5ème plus grande économie du monde (plus grande que le Royaume-Uni ou la France),[14] et le 36ème plus peuplé à partir de 2017[update].[15] le Région du Grand Los Angeles et le Région de la baie de San Francisco sont les deuxième et troisième économies urbaines du pays (1,253 billion de dollars et 878 milliards de dollars respectivement en 2017[update]), après le Zone métropolitaine de New York City.[16] le PSA de la région de la baie de San Francisco avait le PIB par habitant le plus élevé du pays en 2017 (~ 99 000 dollars),[16] et abrite quatre des dix plus grandes entreprises du monde par capitalisation boursière[17] et quatre des dix personnes les plus riches du monde.[18]
La Californie est considérée comme un pionnier mondial en matière de culture populaire, d'innovation et de politique. Il est considéré comme l'origine de l'américain industrie du cinéma, la hippie la contre-culture, la l'Internet,[19] et le ordinateur personnel, entre autres. La région de la baie de San Francisco et la région métropolitaine de Los Angeles sont généralement considérées comme les centres des industries mondiales de la technologie et du divertissement. La Californie a une économie très diversifiée: 58% des économie de l'état est centré sur la finance, gouvernement, services immobiliers, La technologie, et professionnel, scientifique et technique les services aux entreprises.[20] Bien qu’il ne représente que 1,5% de l’économie de l’État,[20] De la Californie agriculture L’industrie a le rendement le plus élevé de tous les États américains.[21][22][23][24]
Ce qui est maintenant la Californie a d'abord été réglé par divers Tribus natives californiennes avant d'être exploré par un certain nombre d'expéditions européennes au cours des 16ème et 17ème siècles. le Empire espagnol puis réclamé dans le cadre de Alta California dans leurs Nouvelle Espagne colonie. La région est devenue une partie de Mexique en 1821 suite à son succès guerre pour l'indépendance mais a été cédé aux États-Unis en 1848 après la Guerre américano-mexicaine. La partie occidentale de l’Alta California a ensuite été organisée et admise comme le 31e État le 9 septembre 1850. La Ruée vers l'or en Californie à partir de 1848, des changements sociaux et démographiques dramatiques se sont produits, avec une émigration à grande échelle de l'est et de l'étranger accompagnée d'un boom économique.
Le nom probablement dérivé de l'île mythique Californie dans l'histoire fictive de Reine Calafia, comme enregistré dans un travail de 1510 Les aventures d'Esplandián par Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.[29] Ce travail était le cinquième d'un espagnol populaire romance chevaleresque série qui a commencé avec Amadis de Gaula.[30][31][32][33] Le royaume de la reine Calafia serait un pays isolé, riche en or et en perles, habité par de belles femmes noires qui portaient une armure en or et vivaient comme Amazones, aussi bien que griffons et d'autres bêtes étranges.[29][34][35] Dans le paradis imaginaire, la souveraine reine Calafia a combattu aux côtés des musulmans et son nom a peut-être été choisi pour faire écho au titre d'un chef musulman, le calife. Il est possible que le nom californien veuille sous-entendre que l’île était un Califat.[29][36]
Sachez qu'à la droite des Indes se trouve une île appelée Californie, très proche de cette partie du paradis terrestre, habitée par des femmes noires sans un seul homme parmi elles et qui vivaient à la manière des Amazones. Ils étaient robustes de corps avec de forts coeurs passionnés et une grande vertu. L'île elle-même est l'une des plus sauvages du monde en raison de ses rochers audacieux et escarpés.
La sagesse conventionnelle La Californie était une île, avec des cartes dessinées pour refléter cette croyance, a duré aussi tard que le 18ème siècle.[38]
Une carte des groupes tribaux et des langues de la Californie au moment du contact européen.
Les premiers habitants
Établie par vagues successives d’arrivées au cours des 10 000 dernières années, la Californie était l’un des territoires les plus diversifiés du point de vue culturel et linguistique du pays. Amérique du Nord précolombienne. Diverses estimations de la population autochtone vont de 100 000 à 300 000 personnes. le Peuples autochtones de Californie inclus plus de 70 groupes distincts des Amérindiens, allant des grandes populations sédentarisées vivant sur la côte à des groupes à l’intérieur. Les groupes californiens étaient également diversifiés dans leur organisation politique avec des bandes, des tribus, des villages et sur les côtes riches en ressources, de grandes chefferies, comme le Chumash, Pomo et Salinan. Le commerce, les mariages mixtes et les alliances militaires ont favorisé de nombreuses relations sociales et économiques entre les divers groupes.
Périodes coloniales et espagnoles
Le premier Européen à explorer la côte aussi au nord que le Rivière russe était un Espanol expédition de voile, dirigée par le capitaine espagnol Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, en 1542. Quelque 37 ans plus tard, l'explorateur anglais Francis Drake a également exploré et revendiqué une partie non définie de la côte californienne en 1579. Des commerçants espagnols ont effectué des visites imprévues auprès de la Galions de Manille lors de leurs voyages de retour de la Philippines à partir de 1565.[40] Les premiers Asiatiques à mettre le pied sur ce que seraient les États-Unis se sont produits en 1587, quand Philippin les marins sont arrivés dans les navires espagnols à Morro Bay.[41]Sebastián Vizcaíno exploré et cartographié la côte de la Californie en 1602 pour Nouvelle Espagne.
En dépit des explorations sur le terrain de la Californie au 16ème siècle, Rodríguez continuait à concevoir la Californie comme une île. Cette représentation est apparue sur de nombreuses cartes européennes jusque dans le 18ème siècle.[42]
Après le Expédition à Portolà de 1769 à 1770, espagnol missionnaires a commencé à mettre en place 21 Missions de Californie sur ou près de la côte de Alta (Haute) Californie, commençant en San Diego. Au cours de la même période, les forces militaires espagnoles ont construit plusieurs forts (présidios) et trois petites villes (pueblos). le Mission de San Francisco a grandi dans la ville de San Franciscoet deux des pueblos ont grandi dans les villes de Los Angeles et San Jose. Plusieurs autres villes et villages plus petits ont également vu le jour autour des différentes missions et pueblos espagnoles, qui restent à ce jour.
La colonisation espagnole a commencé à décimer les autochtones par le biais d'épidémies de diverses maladies pour lesquelles les peuples autochtones n'avaient aucune immunité naturelle, telles que la rougeole et la diphtérie.[43] La mise en place des systèmes de gouvernement et de la structure sociale espagnols, que les colons espagnols avaient amenés avec eux, a également submergé les sociétés sur le plan technologique et culturel des sociétés des peuples autochtones antérieurs.
Au cours de cette même période, russe les navires ont également exploré le long de la côte californienne et en 1812 ont établi un poste de traite à Fort Ross. Les établissements côtiers russes du début du XIXe siècle en Californie en Russie étaient situés juste au nord de l'extrémité nord de la zone d'implantation espagnole en La baie de San Francisco, et étaient les colonies russes les plus méridionales en Amérique du Nord. Les colonies russes associées à Fort Ross étaient réparties sur une zone allant de Point Arena à Tomales Bay.[44]
Californie sous domination mexicaine
En 1821, le Guerre d'indépendance du Mexique a donné Mexique (y compris la Californie) indépendance de l'Espagne. Pour les 25 prochaines années, Alta California restée comme un district éloigné et peu peuplé du nord-ouest du pays nouvellement indépendant du Mexique.
Ranchs, ou ranchos, est apparu comme l’institution dominante de la Californie mexicaine. Peu de temps après l’indépendance du Mexique vis-à-vis de l’Espagne, la chaîne de missions devint la propriété du gouvernement mexicain et sécularisé en 1834.[46] Les ranchos développés sous propriété par Californios (Californiens hispanophones) ayant reçu des concessions de terres et échangé du cuir de vache et du suif avec des marchands de Boston.
À partir des années 1820, les trappeurs et les colons des États-Unis et le futur Canada sont arrivés en Californie du Nord. Ces nouveaux arrivants ont utilisé le Sentier Siskiyou, Sentier californien, Piste de l'Oregon et Ancien sentier espagnol pour traverser les montagnes escarpées et les déserts de la Californie.
Le premier gouvernement du Mexique nouvellement indépendant était extrêmement instable et, à partir de 1831, la Californie connut également une série de différends armés, à la fois entre régions et de révoltes contre le gouvernement central du Mexique.[47] Au cours de cette période politique tumultueuse Juan Bautista Alvarado a pu obtenir le poste de gouverneur de 1836 à 1842.[48] L’action militaire qui a conduit Alvarado au pouvoir pour la première fois avait momentanément déclaré la Californie indépendante et avait été aidée par américain et Britanique résidents de Californie,[49] comprenant Isaac Graham.[50] En 1840, une centaine de résidents n’ayant pas de passeport ont été arrêtés, menant à la Affaire Graham.[49]
L’un des plus grands éleveurs de Californie était John Marsh. Après avoir échoué à obtenir justice des tribunaux mexicains contre les squatters sur son territoire, il a décidé que la Californie devrait devenir une partie des États-Unis. Marsh a mené une campagne de lettres épousant le climat californien, le sol et d’autres raisons de s’y installer, ainsi que la meilleure route à suivre, connue sous le nom de «Route des marais». Ses lettres ont été lues, relues, circulées et imprimées dans des journaux de tout le pays. Elles ont lancé les premiers trains de wagons en direction de la Californie.[51] Il a invité les immigrants à rester dans son ranch jusqu'à ce qu'ils puissent s'installer, et a aidé à obtenir leur passeport.[52]
Après avoir inauguré la période d'émigration organisée en Californie, Marsh a contribué à mettre fin au règne du dernier gouverneur mexicain de la Californie, ouvrant ainsi la voie à l'acquisition ultime de la Californie par les États-Unis.[53]
En 1846, un groupe de colons américains dans et autour de Sonoma rebelles contre la domination mexicaine au cours de la Révolte du drapeau de l'ours. Après, les rebelles ont soulevé la Drapeau d'ours (avec un ours, une étoile, une bande rouge et les mots "California Republic") à Sonoma. Le seul président de la République était William B. Ide,[54] qui a joué un rôle central pendant la révolte du drapeau de l’ours. Cette révolte des colons américains servit de prélude à la dernière invasion de la Californie par l'armée américaine et fut étroitement coordonnée avec les commandants militaires américains à proximité.
La République de Californie a été de courte durée;[55] la même année marque le début de la Guerre américano-mexicaine (1846-1848).[56] Quand Commodore John D. Sloat du United States Navy a navigué dans Baie de monterey et a commencé l'occupation militaire de la Californie par les États-Unis, la Californie du Nord a capitulé en moins d'un mois devant les forces américaines.[57] Après une série de batailles défensives dans Californie du Sud, la Traité de Cahuenga a été signé par le Californios le 13 janvier 1847, assurant le contrôle américain en Californie.[58]
Début de la période américaine
Suivant le Traité de Guadalupe Hidalgo (2 février 1848) qui met fin à la guerre, la partie la plus à l'ouest du territoire mexicain annexé de l'Alta California devient rapidement l'État américain de Californie et le reste de l'ancien territoire est ensuite subdivisé en nouveaux territoires américains. Arizona, Nevada, Colorado et Utah. La région basse, faiblement peuplée et aride de la vieille Basse-Californie, faisait partie intégrante de la Mexique. En 1846, on estimait que la population totale de colons de l'ouest de l'ancienne Alta California ne dépassait pas 8 000 personnes, plus environ 100 000 Amérindiens, contre 300 000 environ avant la colonisation hispanique de 1769.[59]
En 1848, une semaine seulement avant l'annexion officielle de la région par les États-Unis, de l'or fut découvert en Californie. Cet événement allait modifier à tout jamais les données démographiques et les finances de l'État. Peu de temps après, un afflux massif d'immigrants dans la région a eu lieu, alors que des milliers de prospecteurs et de mineurs arrivaient. La population a grandi avec des citoyens américains, des Européens, des Chinois et d’autres immigrants au cours de la grande Ruée vers l'or en Californie. Au moment de la candidature de la Californie au Congrès américain pour devenir un État en 1850, la population de colons de Californie s'était déjà multipliée par 100 000. En 1854, plus de 300 000 colons étaient venus.[60] Entre 1847 et 1870, la population de San Francisco augmenté de 500 à 150 000.[61] La Californie n’était plus soudainement un marigot peu peuplé, mais apparemment, du jour au lendemain, elle était devenue un centre de population important aux États-Unis.
Le siège du gouvernement californien sous domination espagnole puis mexicaine était situé à Monterey de 1777 à 1845.[46]Pio Pico, dernier gouverneur mexicain d’Alta California, avait brièvement déménagé la capitale à Los Angeles en 1845. Les États-Unis Consulat avait également été situé à Monterey, sous consul Thomas O. Larkin.
En 1849, une convention constitutionnelle d'État a été tenue pour la première fois à Monterey. Parmi les premières tâches de la Convention figurait une décision concernant l'emplacement de la nouvelle capitale de l'État. Les premières sessions législatives complètes ont eu lieu à San Jose (1850-1851). Emplacements suivants inclus Vallejo (1852–1853) et à proximité Benicia (1853-1854); ces endroits se sont finalement révélés inadéquats. La capitale a été située dans Sacramento depuis 1854[62] avec seulement une courte pause en 1862 lorsque les sessions législatives ont eu lieu à San Francisco en raison de inondations à Sacramento.
Une fois que la Convention constitutionnelle de l'État a finalisé sa constitution, elle a été admise au Congrès des États-Unis. Le 9 septembre 1850, dans le cadre du Compromis de 1850, La Californie a été officiellement admise aux États-Unis en tant qu'individu état libre. Son statut d’Etat libre a empêché le développement de esclavage sur la côte du Pacifique, qui était une préoccupation majeure pour la pré-Guerre civile Congrès américain. Dans l’État de Californie, le 9 septembre demeure un jour férié légalement célébré chaque année Jour d'admission en Californie.
Pendant le guerre civile américaine (1861–1865), la Californie a été en mesure d'envoyer des expéditions d'or vers l'est à Washington en soutien à la Cause de l'union;[63] Cependant, en raison de l’existence d’un important contingent de sympathisants sudistes au sein de l’État, celui-ci n’a pas été en mesure de rassembler des régiments militaires complets à envoyer à l’est pour participer officiellement à l’effort de guerre de l’Union. Néanmoins, plusieurs unités militaires plus petites au sein de l'armée de l'Union étaient associées officieusement à l'État de Californie, telles que "California 100 Company", en raison de la majorité de leurs membres venant de Californie.
Au moment de l’admission de la Californie dans l’Union, les voyages entre la Californie et le reste de la partie continentale des États-Unis avaient pris un exploit fastidieux et dangereux. Dix-neuf ans plus tard, en 1869, peu après la fin de la guerre civile, un lien plus direct s’établit avec l’achèvement de la Premier chemin de fer transcontinental en 1869. La Californie était alors facile à atteindre.
Une grande partie de l'État était extrêmement bien adapté à la culture fruitière et à l'agriculture en général. De vastes étendues de blé, d'autres cultures céréalières, de légumes, de coton, de noix et d'arbres fruitiers ont été cultivées (y compris des oranges en Californie du Sud) et les bases de la production agricole prodigieuse de l'État dans la vallée centrale et ailleurs ont été jetées.
Peuples autochtones sous la première administration américaine
Sous la domination espagnole et mexicaine antérieure, la population autochtone originaire de Californie, avait précipité son déclin, principalement de maladies eurasiennes contre lesquelles le peuple autochtone de Californie n'avait pas encore développé d'immunité naturelle.[64] Sous la nouvelle administration américaine, les politiques gouvernementales sévères de la Californie à l'égard de son propre peuple autochtone ne se sont pas améliorées. Comme dans d’autres États américains, de nombreux habitants autochtones ont rapidement été forcés de quitter leurs terres par de nouveaux colons américains, tels que des mineurs, des éleveurs et des agriculteurs. Bien que la Californie ait adhéré à l'union américaine en tant qu'État libre, les «Indiens errants ou orphelins» étaient de facto asservis par leurs nouveaux maîtres anglo-américains sous la loi de 1853. Loi pour le gouvernement et la protection des Indiens.[65] Il y a eu aussi des massacres au cours desquels des centaines d'indigènes ont été tués.
Entre 1850 et 1860, le gouvernement de l'État de Californie versa environ 1,5 million de dollars (dont environ 250 000 ont été remboursés par le gouvernement fédéral).[66] d'embaucher des milices dont le but était de protéger les colons des populations autochtones. Dans les décennies qui ont suivi, la population autochtone a été placée dans des réserves et des rancherias, souvent petits et isolés, sans ressources naturelles ni financement suffisants du gouvernement pour subvenir aux besoins de leurs populations.[65] En conséquence, l'ascension de la Californie a été une calamité pour les habitants indigènes. Plusieurs érudits et militants américains, dont Benjamin Madley et Ed Castillo, ont décrit les actions du gouvernement californien comme un génocide.[67]
20ième siècle
La migration en Californie s’est accélérée au début du XXe siècle avec l’achèvement de grandes routes transcontinentales telles que la Autoroute lincoln et Route 66. Entre 1900 et 1965, la population est passée de moins d’un million à la plus importante de l’Union. En 1940, le Bureau du recensement indiquait que la population de la Californie était composée à 6,0% d’ Hispaniques, de 2,4% d’Asie et de 89,5% de Blancs.[68]
Parallèlement, attirés par le climat méditerranéen doux, les terres bon marché et la grande diversité géographique de l’État, les cinéastes ont système de studio à Hollywood dans les années 1920. La Californie a fabriqué 8,7% du total des armements militaires des États-Unis produits au cours de La Seconde Guerre mondiale, au troisième rang (derrière New York et Michigan) parmi les 48 états.[69] Cependant, la Californie se classait facilement au premier rang dans la production de navires militaires pendant la guerre (transport, cargaison, [merchant ships] tel que Navires Liberty, Navires de victoireet navires de guerre) dans des cales sèches à San Diego, Los Angeles et dans la région de la baie de San Francisco.[70][71][72][73] Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’économie de la Californie s’est considérablement développée en raison de aérospatial et la défense les industries,[74] dont la taille a diminué après la fin de la Guerre froide.[74][75]Université de Stanford et son doyen d'ingénierie Frédéric Terman commencé à encourager les professeurs et les diplômés à rester en Californie au lieu de quitter l’État et à créer une région de haute technologie dans la région Silicon Valley.[76] Grâce à ces efforts, la Californie est considérée comme un centre mondial des industries du divertissement et de la musique, de la technologie, de l’ingénierie et de l’industrie aérospatiale, ainsi que du centre de la production agricole aux États-Unis. Juste avant le Buste Dot Com, La Californie était la cinquième économie du monde parmi les nations.[78] Pourtant, depuis 1991 et à partir de la fin des années 1980, Californie du Sud, La Californie a connu une perte nette de migrants nationaux la plupart des années. Les médias appellent souvent cela l'exode californien.[79]
Le delta du fleuve Sacramento-San Joaquin est une plaque tournante de l’approvisionnement en eau de l’État. L’eau est détournée du delta et à travers un vaste réseau de des pompes et des canaux qui traversent presque toute la longueur de l'état, vers la vallée centrale et les projets d'approvisionnement en eau et d'autres besoins. L'eau du delta alimente en eau potable près de 23 millions de personnes, soit près des deux tiers de la population de l'État, ainsi que de l'eau pour les agriculteurs de l'ouest de la vallée de San Joaquin.
La Sierra Nevada (en espagnol: "chaîne de neige") comprend le plus haut sommet de la 48 états contigus, Mount Whitneyà 14 505 pieds (4 421 m).[5][6][7] La gamme embrasse Yosemite Valley, célèbre pour ses dômes sculptés par les glaciers, et Parc national de Sequoia, la maison à la séquoia géant les arbres, les plus grands organismes vivants sur Terre, et le lac profond d'eau douce, Lac Tahoe, le plus grand lac de l’état en volume.
À l'est de la Sierra Nevada se trouvent Owens Valley et Mono Lake, un essentiel oiseau migrateur habitat. Dans la partie occidentale de l'état est Clear Lake, le plus grand lac d'eau douce par région entièrement en Californie. Bien que le lac Tahoe soit plus grand, il est divisé par la frontière Californie / Nevada. La Sierra Nevada tombe aux températures arctiques en hiver et compte plusieurs dizaines de petits glaciers, dont Glacier palissade, le glacier le plus au sud des États-Unis.
Environ 45% de la superficie totale de l'État est recouverte de forêts,[87] et la diversité des espèces de pins de la Californie est inégalée par aucun autre État. La Californie contient plus de terres forestières que tout autre État sauf l'Alaska. Beaucoup d'arbres dans le California White Mountains sont les plus vieux du monde; un individu pin de bristlecone a plus de 5 000 ans.[88][89]
Au sud se trouve un grand lac salé intérieur, le Salton Sea. Le désert du centre-sud est appelé le Mojave; au nord-est des mensonges de Mojave Vallée de la Mort, qui contient le lieu le plus bas et le plus chaud d’Amérique du Nord, le Badwater Basin à -279 pieds (-85 m).[9] La distance horizontale entre le bas de la vallée de la Mort et le sommet du mont Whitney est inférieure à 140 km. En effet, presque tout le sud-est de la Californie est un désert aride et chaud, avec des températures extrêmement élevées durant l’été. La frontière sud-est de la Californie avec l’Arizona est entièrement formée par le Rivière Colorado, à partir de laquelle la partie sud de l’État tire environ la moitié de son eau.
Bien que la plupart des États aient un climat méditerranéen, en raison de la grande taille de l'État, le climat varie de polaire à subtropical. La fraîcheur Courant californien offshore crée souvent l'été brouillard près de la côte. Plus à l'intérieur des terres, il y a des hivers plus froids et des étés plus chauds. La modération maritime se traduit par des températures de rivage en été Los Angeles et San Francisco étant la plus cool de toutes les grandes régions métropolitaines des États-Unis et particulièrement fraîche par rapport aux zones de même latitude situées à l'intérieur et sur la côte est du continent nord-américain. Même le San Diego La côte bordant le Mexique est plus fraîche en été que la plupart des régions des États-Unis contigus. À quelques kilomètres à l'intérieur des terres, les températures extrêmes en été sont nettement plus élevées, le centre-ville de Los Angeles se situant à plusieurs degrés. plus chaud qu'à la côte. Le même microclimat le phénomène est vu dans le climat de la région de la baie, où les zones abritées de la mer connaissent des étés beaucoup plus chauds que les zones proches proches de l’océan.
Les parties nord de l'état ont plus de pluie que le sud. Les chaînes de montagnes californiennes ont également une influence sur le climat: certaines des régions les plus pluvieuses de l'État sont les pentes montagneuses exposées à l'ouest. La Californie du Nord-Ouest a un climat tempéré, et la vallée centrale a un climat méditerranéen mais avec des températures extrêmes plus élevées que la côte. Les hautes montagnes, y compris les Sierra Nevada, avoir un climat alpin avec de la neige en hiver et une chaleur douce à modérée en été.
Les montagnes de la Californie produisent ombres de pluie sur le côté est, créant une vaste les déserts. Les déserts de haute altitude de Californie orientale avez des étés chauds et des hivers froids, tandis que les bas déserts situés à l’est des montagnes du sud de la Californie ont des étés chauds et des hivers doux et presque sans givre. Vallée de la Mort, désert avec de grandes étendues en dessous du niveau de la mer, est considéré comme l’endroit le plus chaud du monde; la température la plus élevée du monde,[91][92] 56,7 ° C) y a été enregistrée le 10 juillet 1913. La température la plus basse en Californie était de -43 ° C (-43 ° C) Boca.
Le tableau ci-dessous répertorie les températures moyennes pour les mois de janvier et d'août dans une sélection de localités de l'État. some highly populated and some not. This includes the relatively cool summers of the Humboldt Bay region around Eureka, the extreme heat of Death Valley, and the mountain climate of Mammoth dans le Sierra Nevadas.
Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in California[93]
California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial écorégions.[94]
California's large number of endémique species includes veuve species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac (Ceanothus). Many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, surpâturage, and the introduction of espèces exotiques have encroached on their habitat.
Flora and fauna
California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora: the largest trees, la tallest trees, et le oldest trees. California's native grasses are plantes vivaces.[95] After European contact, these were generally replaced by les espèces envahissantes of European annual grasses; and, in modern times, California's hills turn a characteristic golden-brown in summer.[96]
Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain, the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran (desert); upper Sonoran (foothill regions and some coastal lands), transition (coastal areas and moist northeastern counties); and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic Zones, comprising the state's highest elevations.[97]
Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. le Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters. Fremont cottonwood et valley oak thrive in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt, characterized by forests of small shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, menthe, Phacelia, Viola, and the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) – the state flower – also flourish in this zone, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world.[97]
Aquatic life in California thrives, from the state's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline. Numerous trout species are found, among them arc en ciel, d'or, et coup de gorge. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include Loup de mer, albacore, barracuda, and several types of whale. Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species.[97]
The most prominent river system within California is formed by the Sacramento River et San Joaquin River, which are fed mostly by snowmelt from the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, and respectively drain the north and south halves of the Central Valley. The two rivers join in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, flowing into the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Many major tributaries feed into the Sacramento–San Joaquin system, including the Pit River, Feather River et Tuolumne River.
le Klamath et Trinity Rivers drain a large area in far northwestern California. le Eel River et Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and south of San Francisco Bay, respectively. le Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California. le Colorado River forms the state's southeast border with Arizona.
Most of California's major rivers are dammed as part of two massive water projects: the Central Valley Project, providing water for agriculture in the Central Valley, and the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California. The state's coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission.
Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010, 2016[108][109][110] Chart does not include Indigenous population figures. Studies indicate that the Native American population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000 before declining to 15,000 by 1900.[65][111]
The population density of California
le United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 39,250,017 on July 1, 2016, a 5.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population is projected to reach 40 million by 2018 and 50 million by 2055.[112]
Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths).[113] During this time period, migration internationale produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net in-migration of 306,925 people.[113] The state of California's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009.[114] However, according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most leaving to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona.[115]
Within the Western hemisphere California is the second most populous sub-national administrative entity (behind the state of São Paulo in Brazil)[116] and third most populous sub-national entity of any kind (in which wider category it also ranks behind England dans le Royaume-Uni, which has no administrative functions). California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world.[117][118] le Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest Zone métropolitaine in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Également, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states.[119][120] Including Los Angeles, four of the top 15 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), and San Francisco (13th). le centre de population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County.[note 1]
Cities and towns
The state has 482 incorporé cities and towns, of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)".[122]
Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850.[123]San Jose, San Diego and Benicia tied for California's second incorporated city, each receiving incorporation on March 27, 1850.[124][125][126]Jurupa Valley became the state's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1, 2011.[127][128]
Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the state's population.[133] Along with the rest of the United States, California's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s-early 2010s.[134] Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asie.[135] In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. 57% came from Asian countries vs. 22% from Latin American countries.[135]Net immigration from Mexico, previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants, has dropped to zero/less than zero since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating.[134] As a result it is projected that Hispanic citizens will constitute 49% of the population by 2060, instead of the previously projected 2050, due primarily to domestic births.[134][136]
The state's population of immigrants sans papiers has been shrinking in recent years, due to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower-skilled workers.[137] The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011.[138] Despite these recent trends, illégalextraterrestres constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state's population, the third highest percentage of any state in the pays,[139][note 2] totaling nearly 2.6 million.[140] In particular, illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in Los Angeles, Monterey, San Benito, Imperial, et Napa Counties – the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor.[141] More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico.[140]
National origins
According to the United States Census Bureau in 2016 the population self-identifies as (alone or in combination):[142]
As of 2011[update], 75.1% of California's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white (white Hispanics are counted as minorities).[144]
In terms of total numbers, California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States, an estimated 22,200,000 residents. The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the United States, an estimated 2,250,000 residents. California's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million, constituting a third of the nation's total. California's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state.[145]
According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 60% of the state population.[110] Over the past 25 years, the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined, while hispanique et asiatique populations have grown. Between 1970 and 2011, non-Hispanic whites declined from 80% of the state's population to 40%, while Hispanics grew from 32% in 2000 to 38% in 2011.[146] It is currently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49% of the population by 2060, primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration.[136] With the decline of immigration from Latin America, Asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in California; this growth is primarily driven by immigration from Chine, Inde et le Philippines, respectively.[147]
Anglais serves as California's de jure et de factolangue officielle. In 2010, the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02% (19,429,309) of California residents age 5 and older spoke only Anglais at home, while 42.98% spoke another langue principale at home. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 73% of people who speak a language other than English at home are able to speak English well or very well, with 9.8% not speaking English at all.[154] Like most U.S. states (32 out of 50), California law enshrines English as its langue officielle, and has done so since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters. Various government agencies do, and are often required to, furnish documents in the various languages needed to reach their intended audiences.[155][156][157]
In total, 16 languages other than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons, more than any other state in the nation. New York State, in second place, had 9 languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons.[158] The most common language spoken besides English was Espanol, spoken by 28.46% (9,696,638) of the population.[136][134] With Asia contributing most of California's new immigrants, California had the highest concentration nationwide of Vietnamese et Chinese speakers, the second highest concentration of coréen, and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers.[154]
California has historically been one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, with more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families.[159][160] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers.[161] All of California's indigenous languages are en voie de disparition, although there are now efforts toward language revitalization.[note 3]
As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken American English in California since the late 20th century. This variety, known as California English, has a changement de voyelle and several other phonological processes that are different from varieties of American English used in other regions of the United States.[162]
Culture
The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many hispaniqueCalifornio et Mexican influences. As a border and coastal state, Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America and Asia.[163][[not in citation given]
California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early 20th century, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers.
le California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts.
Religion
The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent, Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent, and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent. Together, all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions is 1% Muslim, 2% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[164] This is a change from 2008, when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent. In 2008, those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5% Muslim, 1% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[165] le American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006.[166] Selon le Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 763,818; et le Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953.[167]
The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain. Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles et le Archdiocese of San Francisco, the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States.
UNE Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US: 62 percent of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of their belief in God, while in the nation 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is "very important", compared to 56 percent nationally.[168]
Sports
California has twenty major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. le San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland, while the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium. A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi's Stadium dans Santa Clara on February 7, 2016.[169]
California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.
Below is a list of major league sports teams in California:
Éducation
Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in continuous use in California and a popular location for television and motion picture production.
Publique éducation secondaire consiste en high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K–12 and collèges communautaires that grow with the economy and student enrollment figures.[171]
In 2016, California's K-12 public school per-pupil spending was ranked 22nd in the nation ($11,500 / student vs. $11,800 for the US average).[172]
For 2012, California's K-12 public schools ranked 48th in the number of employees per student, at 0.102 (the US average was 0.137), while paying the 7th most per employee, $49,000 (the US average was $39,000).[173][174][175]
A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was "broken" in that it suffered from over-regulation.[176]
The research university system in the state is the University of California (UC), a public university système. As of fall 2011, the University of California had a combined étudiant body of 234,464 students.[177] There are ten general UC campuses, and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system, as the UC San Francisco, which is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health care, and is home to the UCSF Medical Center, the highest ranked hospital in California.[178] The system was originally intended to accept the top one-eighth of California high school students, but several of the schools have become even more selective.[179][180][181] The UC system was originally given exclusive authority in awarding Ph.Ds, but this has since changed and the CSU is also able to award several Doctoral degrees.
le California State University (CSU) system has almost 430,000 students. The CSU was originally intended to accept the top one-third of California high school students, but several of the schools have become much more selective.[181][182] The CSU was originally set up to award only bachelor's and master's degrees, but has since been granted the authority to award several Doctoral degrees.
le California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training. It is the largest network of higher education in the US, composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million.
A tree map depicting the distribution of occupations across the state of California
California's economy ranks among the largest in the world. As of 2018[update]-Q2, the gross state product (GSP) is almost $3.0 billion ($74,000 per capita), the largest in the États Unis.[186] California is responsible for ~14 percent of the United States' approximate $20.4 trillion gross domestic product (GDP).[187] As of 2018[update], California's nominal GDP is larger than all but 4 countries (the États Unis, Chine, Japan et Allemagne).[188][189] In terms of Purchasing Power Parity,[190] it is larger than all but 8 countries (the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil and Indonesia).[191]
The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing.[192] As of September 2016[update], California has an chômage rate of 5.5%.
California's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one-quarter of the state's economy. In 2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006.[193]
Computers and electronic products are California's top export, accounting for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.[193]
Agriculture is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004.[194] This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production.[194] In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue.[195] In 2011, that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue.[196] The Agriculture sector accounts for two percent of the state's GDP and employs around three percent of its total workforce.[197] Selon le USDA in 2011, the three largest California agricultural products by value were Lait et crème, shelled amandes, et les raisins.[198]
In 2010, there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more than any other state in the nation.[202] In 2010, California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754.[203]
State finances
State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011.[206][207] California, with 12% of the United States population, has one-third of the nation's aide sociale recipients.[208] California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states, as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion.[209] In January 2011 the California's total debt was at least $265 billion.[210] On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget (no deficit) for the state, its first in decades; however the state's debt remains at $132 billion.[211][212]
With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012, California now levies a 13.3% maximum marginal impôt sur le revenu rate with ten tranches d'imposition, ranging from 1% at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3% for annual individual income over $1,000,000. California has a state sales tax of 7.5%, though local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes. Many of these taxes are temporary for a seven-year period (as stipulated in Proposition 30) and afterwards will revert to a previous maximum marginal income tax bracket of 10.3% and state sales tax rate of 7.25%.[213]
Tout biens fonciers is taxable annually; the tax is based on the property's fair market value at the time of purchase or new construction. Property tax increases are capped at 2% annually, per Proposition 13.
Infrastructure
Énergie
Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. However because of its high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement, its par habitant energy use is one of the smallest of any United States state.[214] Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 et Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[215]
The state's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired centrales électriques typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.
California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access highways ('freeways'), limited-access roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving California's cities a reputation for severe embouteillage. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed "Caltrans". The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States.[220][221] The Reason Foundation's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first.[222]
The state has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the state's more visible landmarks, the Golden Gate Bridge, was the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet (1,300 m) between 1937 (when it opened) and 1964. With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists. le San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (often abbreviated the "Bay Bridge"), completed in 1936, transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks. Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel, at 76 feet (23 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m) high.[223] le Arroyo Seco Parkway, connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena, opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States.[224] It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as the first stack interchange ever built.[225]
California also has several important ports maritimes. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles et le Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. le Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country. le Port of Stockton is the easternmost port on the west coast of the United States.[226]
le California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in employment with over 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California's state-maintained highways and on state property.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver's licenses and ID cards on file.[227] In 2010, there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force.[228]
le California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 800-mile (1,300 km) rail system. Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election,[230] with the first phase of construction estimated to cost $64.2 billion.[231]
California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over 40,000,000 pieds acre (49 km3) of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects.[232] Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists.
le California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of the most well-known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies.[233] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water."[234]
California is organized into three branches du gouvernement - la branche exécutive consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers; la branche législative consisting of the Assemblée et Sénat; et le branche judiciaire consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. The state also allows ballot propositions: direct participation of the electorate by initiative, référendum, rappel, et ratification. Before the passage of California Proposition 14 (2010), California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote. After June 8, 2010, when Proposition 14 was approved, excepting only the United States President and county central committee offices,[235] all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation, but they are not the official nominee of that party.[236] At the primary election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation.[236] If at a special primary election, one candidate receives more than 50% of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held.[236]
le California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to limites de durée of three terms, and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms.
Judicial branch
California's legal system is explicitly based upon English loi commune[238] (as is the case with all other states except Louisiane) but carries a few features from Spanish droit civil, such as community property. California's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007.[239]Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest "Death Row" population in the country (though Oklahoma and Texas are far more active in carrying out executions).[240][241]
California's judiciary system is the largest in the United States (with a total of 1,600 judges, while the federal system has only about 840). At the apex is the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California, while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the primary cours d'appel et le California Superior Courts serve as the primary les tribunaux de première instance. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years. The administration of the state's court system is controlled by the Judicial Council, composed of the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, 14 judicial officers, four representatives from the State Bar of California, and one member from each house of the state legislature.
Local government
Counties
California is divided into 58 les comtés. Per Article 11, Section 1, of the Constitution of California, they are the legal subdivisions of the state. The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement, jails, elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, health care, social services, libraries, flood control, fire protection, animal control, agricultural regulations, building inspections, ambulance services, and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards.[242][243] In addition, the county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas. Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors.
City and town governments
Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charte or general-law municipalities.[122] General-law municipalities owe their existence to state law and are consequently governed by it; charter municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters. Municipalities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter municipalities. All ten of the state's most populous cities are charter cities. Most small cities have a council-manager form of government, where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city. Some larger cities have a directly-elected mayor who oversees the city government. In many council-manager cities, the city council selects one of its members as a mayor, sometimes rotating through the council membership—but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial.
About 1,102 school districts, independent of cities and counties, handle California's éducation publique.[245] California school districts may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts.[245]
There are about 3,400 special districts in California.[246] UNE special district, defined by California Government Code § 16271(d) as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries", provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area. The geographic area of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties, or could consist of only a portion of one. Most of California's special districts are single-purpose districts, and provide one service.
Federal representation
The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives,[247] the nation's largest congressional state delegation. Consequently California also has the largest number of electoral votes in national presidential elections, with 55. California's U.S. Senators sont Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Kamala Harris, a native, former District Attorney from San Francisco and former Attorney General of California. In 1992, California became the first state to have a Senate delegation entirely composed of women.
In 2010, Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county, with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military.[249] However, as of 2002[update], Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population.[250]
In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of United States service militaire: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War).[251] As of 2010[update], there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and just over four thousand served before World War II (the largest population of this group of any state).[252]
California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter.[255] In socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more libéral than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states. As of the 2016 presidential election, California was the 2nd most democratic state behind Hawaii.[256] According to the Cook Political Report, California contains 5 of the 15 most democratic congressional districts in the United States.[257]
The state's trend towards the Parti Démocratique and away from the parti républicain can be seen in state elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Jerry Brown; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centriste than the national party.
The Democrats also now hold a majority in both houses of the state legislature. There are 56 Democrats and 24 Republicans in the Assembly; and 26 Democrats and 12 Republicans in the Senate.
The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections. From 1960 to 1988, California was a Republican stronghold, with the party carrying the state's electoral votes in every election except for 1964. California Republicans Richard Nixon et Ronald Reagan were elected as the 37th and the 40th U.S. Presidents, respectively. However, Democrats have won all of California's electoral votes since 1992.
In the United States House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of charcutage électoral, the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party, and few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new system took effect, Democrats gained 4 seats and held a 38–15 majority in the delegation.
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election.
In October 2012, out of the 23,802,577 people eligible to vote, 18,245,970 people were registered to vote.[261] Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats (7,966,422), Republicans (5,356,608), and Decline to State (3,820,545).[261]Los Angeles County had the largest number of registered Democrats (2,430,612) and Republicans (1,037,031) of any county in the state.[261]
^Putnam, Ruth (1917). "Appendix A: Etymology of the Word "California": Surmises and Usage". In Herbert Ingram Priestley. California: the name. Berkeley: University of California. pp. 356–361.
^Forsyth, Mark (2011). The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language. New York NY: Penguin Group/Berkley Books. p. 223. ISBN978-0-425-26079-1.
^Lyman, George D. and John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-Blazer on Six Frontiers, pp. 237–39, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
^Lyman and Marsh, pp. ix, 209, 231, 238–39, 246–51, 266–67, 268–71.
^Rosa Maria Moller (May 2008). "Aerospace States' Incentives to Attract The Industry"(PDF). library.ca.gov. California Research Bureau. pp. 24–25. Récupéré June 25, 2013. Robert A. Kleinhenz; Kimberly Ritter-Martinez; Rafael De Anda; Elizabeth Avila (August 2012). "The Aerospace Industry in Southern California"(PDF). laedc.org. p. 10. Archived from l'original(PDF) on May 12, 2013. Récupéré June 25, 2013. In 1987, California accounted for one in four aerospace jobs nationally, and in Los Angeles County, the share was one in ten. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Department of Defense (DOD) sharply curtailed procurement spending. In 1995, DOD spending fell below $50 billion for the first time since 1982. Nowhere in the country were the changes in Pentagon outlays more apparent than in Southern California. Eric John Heikkila; Rafael Pizarro (January 1, 2002). Southern California and the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN978-0-275-97112-0. Récupéré June 25, 2013. James Flanigan (2009). Smile Southern California, You're the Center of the Universe: The Economy and People of a Global Region. Stanford University Press. p. 25. ISBN978-0-8047-5625-9. Récupéré June 25, 2013.
^Clark Davis; David Igler (August 1, 2002). The Human Tradition in California. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 11. ISBN978-1-4616-4431-6. Treanor, Jill (July 17, 2001). "Pink slip season in Silicon Valley". The Guardian. Royaume-Uni. Récupéré April 22, 2015. This micro-economy – the world's fifth largest economy in its own right – started to feel the pain of the new technology meltdown first.
^El Fadli, KI; et al. (September 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. est ce que je:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. (The 136.4 °F (58 °C), claimed by 'Aziziya, Libya, on September 13, 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.)
^Barrett, Beth (September 19, 2003). "Baby Slump In L.A. County". Los Angeles Daily News. Los Angeles Newspaper Group. pp. N4. Archivé de l'original on July 15, 2010. Récupéré December 26, 2009.
^Wesson, Herb (July 17, 2001). "AB 800 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis". California State Assembly. p. 3. Archived from l'original on November 23, 2010. Récupéré December 27, 2009. In 1986, California voters amended the state constitution to provide that the: The[[sic]Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced. The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California."
^Hull, Dana (May 20, 2006). "English already is "official" in California". San Jose Mercury News. San Jose, California.
^"Proposition 98 Primer". Legislative Analyst's Office of California. February 2005. Récupéré January 29, 2010.
^"Education Spending Per Student by State". Gouvernant. June 1, 2018. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Récupéré July 18, 2018. NOTE: Adult education, community services and other nonelementary-secondary program expenditures are excluded.
^Gordon, Tracy; Iselin, John (January 1, 2017). "What Everyone Should Know about Their State's Budget". Urban Institute. Récupéré July 16, 2018. This chart includes two places, District of Columbia, and the US average, so the number rankings rank 52 total entities; this needs to be understood when viewing these rankings.
^Gordon, Tracy; Iselin, John (January 1, 2017). "What Everyone Should Know about Their State's Budget"(PDF). Urban Institute. p. 7. Archived(PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Récupéré July 16, 2018. For state and local government spending, we rely primarily on the US Census Bureau's Census of Governments Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances for fiscal year 2012, as revised and released on October 23, 2015.1 For state and local government employment and payroll, we draw from the US Census Bureau's Census of Governments Government Employment and Payroll survey for full-time equivalent employees in March 2012.
^Woolfolk, John (January 15, 2018). "Why do Californians pay more state and local taxes than Texans?". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Récupéré July 16, 2018. California spending per resident on K-12 schools was about average among the states, but while teacher pay was among the highest, the state trailed others in teachers and support staff per student.
^Vic Tolomeo; Kelly Krug; Doug Flohr; Jason Gibson (October 31, 2012). "California Agricultural Statistics: 2011 Crop Year"(PDF). National Agricultural Statistics Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Archivé de l'original(PDF) on December 24, 2013. Récupéré July 1, 2013.
^ unebc"Voter Registration by County"(PDF). Élections. California Secretary of State. October 22, 2012. Archived from l'original(PDF) on January 17, 2013. Récupéré January 12, 2013.
Matthews, Glenna. The Golden State in the Civil War: Thomas Starr King, the Republican Party, and the Birth of Modern California. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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